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Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange or Grand Exchange was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. Although unlikely to be intentional at the time, communicable diseases were a byproduct of the Exchange.
The contact between the two areas circulated a wide variety of new crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century. Similarly, Europeans introduced manioc and peanut to tropical Asia and West Africa, where they flourished in soils that otherwise would not produce large yields.
The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book ''The Columbian Exchange''.〔http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist〕 It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known.
==Origin of term==
In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published ''The Columbian Exchange''.〔 This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus' landing in the new world.〔Crosby, Alfred W. ''The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492'', Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972〕 The term has become popular among historians and journalists, such as Charles C. Mann, whose book ''1493'' expands and updates Crosby's original research.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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